A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after a high-speed motor vehicle collision. Another advantage of bracing is preservation of spinal mobility by avoidance of fusion surgery fusion surgery increases risk of long-term spondylosis Cervical Spondylosis and Spondylotic Cervical Myelopathy Cervical spondylosis is osteoarthritis of the cervical spine causing stenosis of the canal and sometimes cervical myelopathy due to encroachment of bony osteoarthritic growths (osteophytes). Surgical stabilization is less frequently indicated in children than adults with spinal cord injury because spinal ligaments tend to be more lax in spinal cord injury without evidence of radiologic abnormality (SCIWORA) and bone fractures and complete ligamentous avulsion are absent, there may be no suitable target structure for stabilization. read more, with immobilization and attention to the adequacy of oxygenation, ventilation, and circulation. The anatomy of the spinal column is reviewed elsewhere. Occasionally, the spinal nerves are affected. Īcute treatment is similar to treatment in adults Treatment Trauma to the spine may cause injuries involving the spinal cord, vertebrae, or both. Symptoms develop slowly and in advanced stages include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, dysgeusia. read more, and ultimately chronic kidney disease Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is long-standing, progressive deterioration of renal function. read more, vesicourethral reflux Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Vesicoureteral reflux is retrograde passage of urine from the bladder back into the ureter and sometimes also into the renal collecting system, depending on severity. They may cause pain, nausea, vomiting, hematuria, and, possibly, chills and fever due to secondary infection. read more (secondary to a chronic indwelling catheter), ureteral calculi Urinary Calculi Urinary calculi are solid particles in the urinary system. read more, including lower or upper urinary tract infection Introduction to Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be divided into upper tract infections, which involve the kidneys ( pyelonephritis), and lower tract infections, which involve the bladder ( cystitis), urethra. Symptoms can include overflow incontinence, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and retention. read more, and complications due to neurogenic bladder Symptoms and Signs Neurogenic bladder is bladder dysfunction (flaccid or spastic) caused by neurologic damage. read more, hypertensive autonomic dysreflexia Spinal Cord Autonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic dysreflexia is a disorder of autonomic nervous system dysregulation that occurs in patients with a spinal cord injury and that can result in life-threatening hypertension. Causes, symptoms, treatment, preventive measures, and. Initial diagnosis is usually based on chest x-ray and clinical findings. read more and pneumonia Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Patients may have dyspnea or respiratory failure if atelectasis is extensive. read more, thromboembolic complications, atelectasis Atelectasis Atelectasis is collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume. Children immobilized by SCIWORA or other spinal cord injuries are at risk for complications due to immobility, including decubitus ulcers Pressure Injuries Pressure injuries are areas of necrosis and often ulceration (also called pressure ulcers) where soft tissues are compressed between bony prominences and external hard surfaces.

Child cervical spine x ray